Immigration Essay Paper Example For Students

Movement Essay Paper I composed this paper to show what movement is doing to americaAmerica has, is, and will consistently be a country of outsiders: the extraordinary mixture. In the years that have gone since Emma Lazarus sonnet was engraved on the Statue of Liberty the brilliant entryway Americans have seen times when the entryway was open wide and times when it was close closed to most migrants (Sure 4). Numerous individuals take a gander at the current migration issues as an absolutely present day predicament. In all actuality America has consistently battled with the issue of migration, both lawful and illicit. Evolving times, nonetheless, makes it basic that our legislature rethinks and alters todays migration laws to todays gauges. Those guidelines, in any case, are not effectively characterized. Over and over again the issue of migration is utilized as a political instrument or is lost in warmed good discussions (Sure 6). In any conversation about movement there will be the individuals who guara ntee it is useful for our country and the individuals who guarantee it is demolishing the country. Americans are currently confronted with another difficulty; the country must choose not whether it is happy to acknowledge new settlers, yet whether it can manage the cost of new foreigners (Briggs 240). Usually, the reality in any discussion of this sort is cash; will pretty much migration mean pretty much cash for those as of now in America? Every single new migrant, both lawful and unlawful must be considered in this condition. Congress can endeavor to facilitate the weight of lawful movement by passing prohibitive laws and just permitting inside the individuals who they accept will become independent. Congress should likewise figure out how to slow the progression of illicit migration by authorizing the laws as of now set up Mont 16). America unquestionably has movement issues, yet taking out migration won't fix them all together. Truth be told, America will never take out migratio n, in light of the fact that regardless of how firmly the entryway is shut some unlawful workers will traverse (Marley 879). Since America keeps on being viewed as a country of success, opportunity, and opportunity there will be the individuals who wish to come to America. Workers have consistently come to America searching for a superior life and Americans are continually overlooking that their ancestors were once searching for that equivalent life. All through the greater part of Americas history migration was viewed as a characteristic procedure that profited the country (Divine 2). There were no unmistakably characterized arrangements on migration until the 1890s. During this time the nation began scrutinizing the monetary advantages of more settlers. In May 1921, the primary bill in American history managing migration was passed. This bill limited European movement and made the portion framework (Divine 5). The descending turn in the economy could legitimize this move in the direction of limitation. Who could contend for additional settlers when the countries own residents couldn't look for some kind of employment. The easing back economy and the soul of extreme patriotism in the United States as of now made movement a hotly debated issue (Divine 23). After the downturn hit, everybody concurred that there was a need to confine movement, obviously the degree of those cutoff points was not effectively settled upon (Divine 77). World War II brought another arrangement of migrants, and in the end the death of the Displaced Persons Act of 1947. This permitted individuals, dislodged by war to enter the nation above standard cutoff points (Divine 128). From that point forward our officials have been confronted with various recommendations concerning migration, an excessive number of in actuality to specify. Those proposition show an unmistakable move in Americas mentality toward migration. Since the 1920s migration has not been viewed as a characteristic procedure, however a procedure that could overpower a country whenever left unchecked (Divine 2). As of late the movement strategy has wound up in a condition of transition going to and fro among expert and hostile to migration. The Immigration Act of 1990 is one of the more present arrangements to control migration. This arrangement set an adaptable yearly breaking point on migration at a pace of 700,000 settlers for each year until 1994 when the number dropped to 675,000. This number obviously does exclude outcasts and those looking for refuge (Immigration . . . ). On the off chance that these numbers appear, stunning one must consider the assessed 300,000 to 400,000 illicit settlers added to the countries populace every year (Suro 8). In the mid-90s there was a move in Americas migration strategy to close the entryways and end the present period of movement (Suro 8). In President Clintons 1995 State of the Union Message he stated: It isn't right and at last reckless for a country of outsiders to allow the sort of maltreatment of our movement laws we have found lately, and we should accomplish more to stop it. (Migration . . . ). This disposition prompted the Immigration Enforcement Improvements Act of 1995, which was intended to make sure about our fringes, make expelling of illicit simpler, and debilitate the work of foreigners (Immigration . . . ). Generally this was a proposition to implement the laws as of now set up. This was a solid endeavor by the legislature to confine illicit movement while encouraging legitimate migration. Presently, because of the absence of believable information, it is muddled if this enactment worked. What is clear is the proceeding with battle to discover a parity in the migration f ramework. Before, movement was to some degree adjusted; a decent economy implied more foreigners and a more slow economy saw a decline in migration (Amselle 60). Be that as it may, there are the individuals who presently feel the United States has ingested all the individuals it can (Amselle 60). Thendy EssayOur government has attempted to control the progression of illicit workers with so much activities as the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA, which is relied upon to decrease unlawful movement from Mexico (U.S. Movement . . . 5). The issue is the planning of such strategies; NAFTA is required to work simply following 10 years in which Mexico can create the employments required. The INS likewise revealed that constantly 2000, the number of inhabitants in prime work age in America would drop by 8.5 million (U.S. Immigation. . . 5). That is an enormous loss of work and must be counterbalanced by the worker populace. The key is to ensure that the legitimate foreigner populace balances this reduction. That is the thing that the administration endeavored to do with the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Marley 880). The expectation was to curtail wrongdoing, fear mongering, and government assistance misrepresentation. Be that as it may, they missed the mark regarding their expectation on the grounds that the accidentally amassed all workers together, both legitimate and illicit (Marley 885). America will keep on permitting outsiders to enter the nation for various reasons, for example, the individuals who take up a typical reason against a remote enemy, as a motion of disgrace after some remote failure, for monetary reasons, and for absolutely helpful purposes (United States). As of late we saw our administration consent to acknowledge 20,000 Kosovar displaced people, and monetarily help with 20,000 more in Albania (United States). Presently 20,000 is a small motion in the comprehensive view, however in a universe of emergencies how regularly can our administration bear the cost of such motions. Would america be able to keep on assuming the job of the last evident trust in the crouched masses of the world? Before, Americans were glad to be that one sparkling expectation on the planet. They were happy to acknowledge the drained and poor, however America has changed and migration must change moreover. To those in immature nations the Statue of Liberty and her solicitation to a superior life must be difficult to stand up to. What they don't see is the thing that lies past her brilliant light, a nation abounding with individuals in furious rivalry for that slippery dream of a superior life. The times of give me your worn out, your poor may need to end, yet our entryway ought to consistently be available to those yearning to progress in the direction of a superior tomorrow in a place that is known for opportunity. Bibliography:Works Cited Amselle, Jorge. Migrants: Helping or Harming the U.S.?. The World ; I 10 (1995): 60. Bean, Frank D., Barry Edmonston, and Jefferey S. Passel. Undocumented Migration to the United States:IRCA and the Experience of the 1980s.Washington: The Urban Institute Press, 1990. Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. Mass Immigration and the National Interest. second ed. Armonk: Sharpe, 1996. Divine, Robert A. American Immigration Policy, 1924-1952. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. Movement Enforcement Improvements Act of 1995:FAct Sheet. Lectric Law Library. 9 Nov. 1999 *http://lectlaw.com/documents/imm05.htm*Kirschten, Dick. Gracefully and Demand. Government Executive 31 (May 1999): 16. Marley, Bruce Robert. Banishing the new felons:The outcomes of the retroactive utilization of bothered lawful offense feelings to legitimate perpetual occupants. San Diego Law Review 35 (1998 Summer): 855-895. Mont, Daniel. Government assistance and Immigrants. Relocation World 6 (1996): 8-20. Suro, Robert. Watching Americas Door: The Immigration Backlash and the New Policy Debate. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1996: 4-40United States; The Next Masses. Market analyst 1 May 1999: 26-28. U.S. Movement and Naturalization Service. Key Plan: Toward INS 2000: Accepting the Challenge.

Arrow of Time free essay sample

â€Å"Disorder, oh dear, is the regular request of things in the universe†, Cole’s method of portraying entropy in her life. In The Arrow of time K. C Cole utilizes individual encounters to include the peruser into the matter of entropy. Cole’s utilizes entropy to depict how things are moving forward and we can’t return. When something is done it can’t be effectively fixed, yet it tends to be fixed. Cole utilizes a great deal of ordinary way of life issues, for example, â€Å"After all, what was the purpose of spending half of Saturday at the Laundromat if the garments were filthy all†¦Friday? Regardless of the amount she cleans and does tasks she should do it once more the following week. That is entropy the request for things in this universe. She keeps on discussing how entropy is found in everyday and how she experiences it in her regular day to day existence. We will compose a custom article test on Bolt of Time or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As indicated by Cole, entropy is turmoil, loss of direction as it makes nothing else except for scatter throughout everyday life. Everything in this world has a value, that you need to pay thus does creation. As she stated,† The street to scatter is all declining yet the way to creation takes work. When something is made it needs to experience entropy. To make an individual solid, an individual needs to go periods of troubles which us people will say as â€Å"disorder† as in â€Å"entropy†. Cole life is significantly influenced by entropy; her vehicle stalled, thus did her cooler, sitter isn't appearing. These all are indications of entropy in the life of Cole, as it states† Entropy wins not on the grounds that request is incomprehensible but since there are generally such a large number of ways toward clutter then toward request. Ghostbusters, a film related profoundly to entropy shows how phantoms are making issue in individuals lives. This entropy is fixed by three men. As entropy has consistently been known for the arrangement of turmoil, and which can't be halted. In the film, entropy assumes the job when phantoms are free, and there is tumult and surge everywhere throughout the city. Entropy in film is when phantoms are free and the men are not permitted to catch them or not in any case allowed them to demonstrate their point. Problems’ drawing near a bunch is entropy. Cole and Ghostbusters need to confront a line of issues at an equivalent time, which makes a similitude. Cole has issues in her own life influencing her vocation life, while Ghostbusters has entropy in their profession life, coming about issues inside their own life. This examination shows similar outcomes for entropy, an expansion of confusion in Ghostbusters and in Cole’s life. When there is a major line of scatters sitting tight for you, it efinitely takes you to the point of disappointment. It assumes a significant job in regular daily existence. Entropy is to be found all over the place, in each other life, without entropy an individual doesn’t have an objective throughout everyday life. Entropy makes leaps throughout everyday life, and that’s why there is an objective to defeat these obstacles. Cole understood that entropy is the thing that carries things to its place, and ghostbusters demonstrated that it’s difficult to manage entropy, yet in end regardless, any place we go entropy will be there.

How to Make a Good Claim of Fact Essay Topic

How to Make a Good Claim of Fact Essay TopicThe best way to make your claim of fact essay topics is to take the time to understand the importance of the topic and the different areas where you can highlight your skills. While some essay topics are fairly obvious such as sports or religion, other topics have many facets and their impact on the reader needs to be considered. It is imperative that you make the right choice when choosing a topic and ensure that it delivers the information to the student while not making the essay too long or confusing.Claim of fact essay topics are in fact a written document which contains a list of facts relating to the area of study. The topic area should be selected carefully so that the topic is not too broad and too dense. By choosing the right topic, it will allow for a more detailed view of the subject matter and will give the student an idea of the students to work with and the level of detail that they are going to need to understand the topic. When writing the topic, the student must be careful not to write the essay too quickly because if the student has the correct information and easily comprehensible explanations, then the claim of fact essay topics could end up being more convincing.There are several factors that can affect the ability of a student to write a claim of fact essay topics. The first is the personality of the student who wrote the essay and if this person is outgoing, then it may not take as much time. Conversely, if this individual is introverted and very quiet, then the student will have to be careful about how much detail he or she chooses to put down.Students should also consider their personality when writing the topic. In addition to the factors mentioned above, there are also personal traits that influence the content of the essay and if these traits are present then the claim of fact essay topics should be written in a way that the writer will come across as the most knowledgeable and believable personality. The topic should provide a first hand experience and be one that the student can recall upon completion of the paper. As stated above, the topic area of the student's topic should be chosen carefully to allow for the creation of a first hand experience. For example, if the student plans to write a comparative essay, then the topic should be one that helps to compare the various aspects of the student's thesis. Another example would be the student writing a health care perspective. In either case, the student should use all the tools at his or her disposal to create a concise but accurate description of the topic.In addition to the different essay topics which are available, there are many other ways to make a claim of fact essay topics. One way to write a claim of fact essay topics is to simply compile the basic information and then use a concept of the task that is to be covered and then turn this information into a thesis. A student will often find that the structure of a thesis does not work well for them and can be better served by making a set of concise claims about the topic area.Although essays are often used to communicate information, they are also used in the classroom as the classroom is used as an experience. In order to make the essay persuasive, the student must be able to relate it to the study and the specific experience that are being presented. By creating a strong argument, the student will be able to more easily convey the information needed to support the theme and the claims made in the essay.

Love From the First Sight Essay

Does Love From the First Sight Exist? I believe that every person deep down his soul believes in love from the first sight at some stage of life. As for me, I am not an exception, and when I was a ten-year-old girl, I was also sure that such love exists and that sooner or later I would encounter it. Now a lot has changed, and I know from my own experience that this love exists, but not in the form I thought of when I was a child. I am not the kind of person who falls in love all the time and I can distinguish the true feeling from the state of passion. When looking back at my life, I see different people who mattered a lot to me at different stages of my life. And what united them is that from the first sight I could assess whether I could go out with the person and how far will the possible relationship lead. I still remember my first impression when I saw my future husband. I thought that he was so cute that he must be lady’s man, but I would definitely like being his lady. And here I am, three years after that first meeting, a happy wife of a loving and nice husband. Frankly speaking, I thought him to be too handsome a man to be faithful, but in that moment I was definitely wrong. Anyway, I am sure that I will remember these thoughts and feelings for the rest of my life and they will always remind me that this person is my destiny and that I don’t want to ever lose him. Thus, my perception of the love from the first sight is that one can define whether the person is interesting for him right away and that the only thing that is important to take into account is to believe this insight and not to simply ignore it. Of course, you can be wrong, but what if not?

Objectives Of The Curriculum Development - 789 Words

Aims, Goals, Objectives of the Curriculum Development The aim for implementing the DII curriculum initiative at Clement Middle School was to comply with the federal mandate of No Child Left Behind. A law which required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students. Schools that receive Title I funding through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) in test scores. This aim led to setting a more specific goal of choosing DII as a curriculum strategy to consistently help raise student test scores. Once the curriculum instrument was identified, the objective was to deconstruct the power standards of each of the two subjects into explicit manageable objectives that can be measured (Ornstein Hunkins, 2013, pp. 191). With the objectives sequenced, classroom teachers are able to employ DII instructional strategies to help students learn the different concepts in each subject. Implementation Strategy CMS and the school district utilized the systems model to implement the DII curriculum initiative. According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2013) â€Å"successful implementers of curriculum realize that implementation must appeal to participants not only logically, but also emotionally and morally† (p. 218). They go on to add that, â€Å"implementation of new curriculum must be tailored to the school [since] each school is unique, with its own culture† (Ornstein Hunkins,Show MoreRelatedCurriculum Development Theories Of The Tyler Model949 Words   |  4 PagesThis chapter from Oliva and Gordon highlights three different curriculum development theories. The Tyler Model with its focus on goals and objectives gathered from three sources then filtered through a philosophical and psychological set of screening criteria. The five-step Taba Model with a bottom-up emphasis shows teachers as curriculum developers, inductively developing curriculum through learning modules developed for their classrooms then refined. The more complex Oliva Model demonstratesRead MoreModels Of Curriculum Development : Lattuca And Starks Model1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe following is an exploration of four models of curriculum development: Lattuca and Stark’s (2009) academic plan model, Richard Diamond’s (1989) model of curriculum development, Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis’s (1981) administrative model, and Oliva’s (2009) curriculum development model. The works of Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis (1981), and Oliva (2009) were chosen for this assignment, as our textbook authors cited neither. I decided on this approach because our authors do an excellent job of explainingRead MoreApplication Guidelines And Procedures For How The Curriculum Is Designed, Delivered, Monitored, And Evaluated1082 Words   |  5 Pagesguidelines and procedures for how the curriculum is designed, delivered, monitored, and evaluated. At Goodwill Seco ndary we offer a variety of courses to suit students of varying ability. Different types of instructions are expected, in order to address the unique needs of specific students. This instruction will be derived from a set of curriculum skills which are common to all the students. All students will be able to access the curriculum. Curriculum: The Goodwill Secondary School is a technicalRead MoreThe Curriculum Development Theory Within The Educational System947 Words   |  4 PagesThe curriculum development theory in the educational system in American was impelled and fashioned by the following famous curriculum theorists: â€Å"Franklin Bobbitt (1876-1956), Werret Charters (1875-1952), William Kilpatrick (1871-1965), Harold Rugg (1886-1960), Hollis Caswell (1901-1989, and Ralph Tyler (1902-1994). Each of these individuals’ philosophy of education and views on student learned currently impact how we view the development of student learning in America: 1. Bobbitt believed that theRead MoreInstructional Technology Specialist For Cedarburg School District1603 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and learning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actio ns. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculum development is to align the plannedRead MoreThe Importance of Program Evaluation and Three Evaluation Models1606 Words   |  7 PagesEducation is the process by which we learn of the past and present in order to shape the future and contributes to the over-all development of each individual (Weinstein Fantini, 1973). As such, the educational process and programs are instrumental for changing the world. Parkay Hass (2000), defines curriculum as all the experiences that individual learners have in a programme of education whose purpose is to achieve broad goals and related specific objects, which is planned in terms of a frameworkRead MoreGuidelines And Books For Teaching Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum can be described as a as a description of information or content intended for teaching alongside the methods intended to be used in passing the given information to the learner. Kern, Thomas and Hughes (2009) pointed out some factors that underpin content information in a curriculum. These are: age reflection, culture, skills which are linguistically relevant and child development stage. Education practitioners have largely relied on laid learning standards, guidelines and books forRead MoreCurriculum Development : Teaching And Learning1606 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development Interview Curriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and learning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculumRead MoreControlling The Work Of Teachers Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesApple. Apple believes, that teachers are doing more work because of the curriculum and that is not fair. The curriculum is designed by people who are paid and not educators. So, the creators of the curriculum has no idea of what it is like, to be a teacher. Making the designer of the curriculum be someone who has a true interest in education, would help improve the learning environment. Those being in control of the curriculum, that have no inte rest in education is a form of control, that many mayRead MoreUnderstanding The Learning Outcomes And Objectives1357 Words   |  6 Pages6. Defining the Learning Outcomes and Objectives The basis of employee training and development in the HRDNI report is the learning outcomes and objectives. These provide clear expectations and achievement standards for all relevant learners but also provides a clear alignment to the strategic goal of upper management. 6.1 Learning outcomes According to Gagnà © (1984), learning outcomes can be grouped into five categories: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, verbal information, motor skills;

Administrative and Politics Dichotomy free essay sample

Abstract For many years, the political-administrative dichotomy has been one of the most disputed theories of public administration. Despite serious debates and critiques, the differences between politics and public administration have been present over the past decades. The question still remains today whether or not politics and public administration can work together for one common good-to serve the people for which they govern. Today, politics and administration are linked in many ways. A few examples are: administrators initiate policy, administrative acts have political consequences, and administrators shape policy after the fact and civil servants are not politically neutral. Skelley, B. D. (2008) Another aspect of the administrative-political divide is the philosophical ideals in the western culture of the Greek civic-culture (political) and the Roman imperial (administrative) tradition. Demir, T. Nyhan, R. (2008) The political-administrative relationship has been an important question for over a century now. Skelley, B. D. (2008) Woodrow Wilson, in his article â€Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), wrote of how to position public administration in relation to politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative and Politics Dichotomy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His idea is the forefront to which the idea that public administration is somehow distinct from politics. Public administration is supposed to be the instrument used or the delivery vehicle for translating policies into action, while politics is about making the policies. Demir, T. Nyhan, R. (2008) The dichotomy is still influencing public administration due to numerous public administrators are claiming neutrality from political influences. Neutrality refers to the ability to do government work, do it to the standard that has been set, rather than to one’s own standard or for other loyalties or personal gain. Skelley, B. D. (2008) Research and political models have suggested that public administration and politics should â€Å"stay in their lane† or be kept in each one’s proper sphere. Demir, T. Nyhan, R. (2008) Conclusion The administrative-political dichotomy, has over the years, been promoted by numerous public administrators and elected officials. Many of these public administrators and local government managers believe that a professional public administration that is less visible or far removed from political influence will perform better. References Skelley, B. D. (2008) The Persistence of the Politics-Administration Dichotomy: An Additional Explanation. Demir, T. Nyhan, R. (2008) The Politics-Administration Dichotomy: An Empirical Search for Correspondence Between Theory and Practice.

Obstacles in the Odyssey Essay Sample free essay sample

The Odyssey. written by Homer. shows many victories and defeats of human life. Odysseus. the hero. endures conflicts and obstructions on his 20 twelvemonth journey place. There is tragedy and triumph throughout. Inevitably. some of these obstructions are caused by his work forces and their desires while others are caused by Odysseus himself. From physical obstructions to emotional obstructions. many parts of The Odyssey represent the challenges in life. such as determination devising. enticement. and self restraint. In â€Å"Penelope† . Odysseus displays determination devising. He meets his married woman. Penelope. for the first clip in twenty old ages. Even though he has had to wait so long to see her. Odysseus knows that in order for his program to win for killing the suers. he has to maintain his individuality a secret. Additionally. Odysseus besides avoids stating Penelope about his place by lying and stating that it will do him excessively much hurting to speak about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Obstacles in the Odyssey Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This episode illustrates triumph because Odysseus succeeds at killing all the suers in the terminal. Hiding his true individuality from Penelope allows Odysseus to hold the component of surprise on his side when he attacks the suers. He besides learns of what has become of his land and how Penelope feels about him In â€Å"The Lotus-Eaters† . Odysseus’ work forces show enticement. They come upon an island with Nelumbo nucifera workss and there are effects for eating these workss. â€Å" . . . those who ate this honeyed works. the Lotus. neer cared to describe. nor to return: they longed to remain everlastingly. shoping on that native bloom. forgetful of their fatherland. † Eating the Nelumbo nucifera workss makes the work forces bury about all their problems. Previous to this event. they endure 10 old ages of seeking for a manner back to Ithaca. The sweet odor of the Nelumbo nucifera. along with burying about their problems. tempts Odysseus’ work forces into eating the workss. Odysseus finally retrieves all his work forces. but this consequences in defeat because the work forces detain his journey place. In â€Å"Cattle of the Sun God† . temperateness is portrayed. By prognostication. Odysseus knows that he and his work forces can non eat the sacred cowss because they belong to Helios. the Sun God. However. the work forces are hungering. At first. they try to keep themselves. but one time the nutrient supply runs out. the work forces decide that deceasing of famishment is non a worthy decease. They are despairing and experience hopeless. They can non go forth the island because of Zeus’ storms and see no other manner to last without eating the holy cowss. Their endurance wears out and the work forces end up eating the cowss. finally taking to their decease. This is a defeat for Odysseus because he can non command his work forces and once more his journey place gets delayed. The Odyssey is a trial of the abilities of Odysseus and his work forces. In the episode. â€Å"Penelope† . Odysseus must do of import determinations that will non endanger his programs to kill the suers. â€Å"The Lotus-Eaters† shows Odysseus’ work forces confronting enticement as they want to get away by eating the workss that make them bury all their problems. Last. â€Å"The Cattle of the Sun God† portrays temperateness as the work forces suffer from famishment. The heroic narrative depicts these challenges in life utilizing Odysseus and his work forces. through victory and defeat.

Free Essays on Sharon Olds

Sharon Olds is a relatively modern poet. Born in 1942 in San Francisco, she attended Stanford and Columbia Universities. Little has been written about Olds, since she has only been published since 1980. She is a teacher at New York University and manages their workshop program for the Goldwater Hospital in New York, and she has enjoyed praise in her short career. Olds has won the San Francisco Poetry Center Award for Satan Says (1980), the Lamont Poetry Selection and National Book Critics Circle Award for The Dead and the Living (1984), and the T. S. Eliot Prize for The Father (1992). (Olds, Wellspring) Sharon Olds has been the recipient of endowments from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation, and she has published widely in periodicals such as The New Yorker, Poetry, The Atlantic Monthly, and others. (Olds, Living) Since little is known about Olds’ life, she presents an opportunity to be read without the nuisance or baggage of other critics’ opinions or preferences. Fortunately, Olds’ speakers are intensely personal, and much can be inferred about the author through them. Sharon Olds’ work is dominated by her relationship with her family, especially her father. Although only sparse biographical evidence is available, the firm grasp her relationships have on her writing is undeniable. In her early poems, Olds clearly defines her work as very personal and outspoken. The theme of Olds’ speaker’s brutal relationships becomes much stronger as her works progress; perhaps this is Olds’ response to her father’s prolonged death. In The Dead and the Living and The Gold Cell, Olds seems to be focused on her relationships with her children, and on remembering herself as a child. In The Takers, her speaker describes her grotesque experiences with her older sister: Hitler entered Paris the way my sister entered my room at night, sat astride me, squeezed me with her knees,... Free Essays on Sharon Olds Free Essays on Sharon Olds Sharon Olds is a relatively modern poet. Born in 1942 in San Francisco, she attended Stanford and Columbia Universities. Little has been written about Olds, since she has only been published since 1980. She is a teacher at New York University and manages their workshop program for the Goldwater Hospital in New York, and she has enjoyed praise in her short career. Olds has won the San Francisco Poetry Center Award for Satan Says (1980), the Lamont Poetry Selection and National Book Critics Circle Award for The Dead and the Living (1984), and the T. S. Eliot Prize for The Father (1992). (Olds, Wellspring) Sharon Olds has been the recipient of endowments from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation, and she has published widely in periodicals such as The New Yorker, Poetry, The Atlantic Monthly, and others. (Olds, Living) Since little is known about Olds’ life, she presents an opportunity to be read without the nuisance or baggage of other critics’ opinions or preferences. Fortunately, Olds’ speakers are intensely personal, and much can be inferred about the author through them. Sharon Olds’ work is dominated by her relationship with her family, especially her father. Although only sparse biographical evidence is available, the firm grasp her relationships have on her writing is undeniable. In her early poems, Olds clearly defines her work as very personal and outspoken. The theme of Olds’ speaker’s brutal relationships becomes much stronger as her works progress; perhaps this is Olds’ response to her father’s prolonged death. In The Dead and the Living and The Gold Cell, Olds seems to be focused on her relationships with her children, and on remembering herself as a child. In The Takers, her speaker describes her grotesque experiences with her older sister: Hitler entered Paris the way my sister entered my room at night, sat astride me, squeezed me with her knees,...

A Research Study of Teenage Pregnancy Through the Years

Pregnancy often occurs in young women between the ages of 13 and 19. In 1939, a case where a 5-year-old child, Lina Medina, was recorded as being the mother as the youngest child in history was recorded. The data gathered to support the above topics includes qualitative and quantitative information. A qualitative way is to understand phenomena, answer questions, and explore problems. These data are from neighboring countries and developing countries, including information from schools and hospitals. For decades, the idea of ​​teens pregnancy has influenced the policy. The study cited by Zachry (2005) found that teenage pregnancy records are called epidemic or uncontrollable by the media when the birthrate of the population was actually the lowest in decades . Zachary is a study conducted by Luker in 1996 and reveals that the relationship between teenage pregnancy, poverty education and poverty is a strong belief in the United States. Formulation of policy Factors that c ause teen pregnancy around Capricorn in Limpopo Province Teen pregnancy refers to pregnancy of women under 19 years of age. It is common among young people who are disadvantaged and young people with low expectations for education and employment markets. Since young people may be afraid to look for such information, they may lack knowledge to master traditional preventive methods. The aim of the research was to determine the factors that led to teenage pregnancy in the village of Capri province in Limpopo province. Teen pregnancies are defined as unwanted pregnancies during puberty. According to an American obstetrician and gynecologist, about 750,000 people are pregnant between the ages of 15 and 19, but many teenagers do not think they will get pregnant if they do sexual activity. During adolescence, adolescents often feel pressured to interact with friends and make friends with their colleagues. Often, these teenagers have allowed them to influence their decision to love their fr iends, even if they do not fully understand the behavior-related effects. Adolescent sexuality is a way to show calm and maturity, but in some cases, the final result is unexpected teenage pregnancy. The Caesar Family Foundation reports that more than 29% of pregnant adolescents feel pressured to have sex, and 33% of teenagers say that sex is not ready . To refuse

Starbucks External and Internal Environment Essay

Starbucks External and Internal Environment - Essay Example Business of Starbucks is complemented by three operating segments such as International division, United States division and Global Consumer Products division. The study has selected UK in order to analyze critical success factor and resource capability of Starbucks. Impact of external environment on business policy of Starbucks will be measured by using PESTLE and Porter’s Five Force analysis. SWOT, value chain analysis and VRIO framework will be used to understand internal strength of Starbucks. Critical success factor (CSF) analysis will be important part of the study. Starbucks Corporation was established by Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl in the year 1971. In the initial years Starbucks operated business with single store located in Pike Place Market of Seattle. The company is headquartered at Seattle, Washington, U.S. Distribution network of the company is complemented by 6700 owned stores and 4080 licensed stores in USA. Starbucks has established their presence in more than sixty countries with the help of 20,000 stores. The company offers hot drinks, food items, various coffee drinks and other retail merchandise. As of 2011, market capitalization of the company is US$37.84 billion while sales revenue was more than US$ 13 billion. The company is facing competitions from various big players such as Dunkin' Brands, Nestle, McDonalds, and Wendy's International, Inc. Strategic Group map for Coffee industry can be explained in the following manner: (Source: Brown, 2011) Task A (1) Analysis of Starbucks External Environment Macro Environme nt Analysis PESTLE will be used to analyze macro environment condition of UK. Political UK is one of the most influential countries in the world and plays crucial role on deciding business policy in North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Government in the country has taken stern steps such as 24% budget cut for department of media, sports and culture in order to reduce overall financial deficit in the country. Government in the country has planned to reduce corporate tax by 22% within next two years and raise income tax bar ?8,200 to ?9,205. Economic Economic recession has contracted GDP growth by 0.2% while industry growth rate of the country has slumped to 0.8% last year. Economists forecasted unemployment of UK will touch 8.4% by the end of 2012 and more than 2.5 million people will get unemployed within next one year Social Budget deficit of Government has created challenge for people of the country to maintain standard living style while "managed migration" police government has f urther deteriorated the situation. Working age population in the country is growing at a rate of 7.7% for last two years. Technology Retailers are using latest technologies such as RFID, ERP and

Economic in Society Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic in Society - Case Study Example This time the customer would think again and again before buying the medicine. On the other hand, due to much improved drug's quality, the pharmaceutical companies would have to do some more investment and also there is a possibility that they would outsource or even import the foreign material for usage, which means that they now would have to make the foreign payments resulting in a lot of local currency going out of the money cycle. The possibility is again that the country would get a bit unstable and if someone who would then be responsible to keep the country's economy stable then it is the people living there. People would now be forced to take any measures to buy those medicines that are at least prescribed by the doctors for serious patents. India although have controlled their growth rate but the deceases are growing commonly in the South-east Asia, and this is the part by which the Indian planners might have thought about increasing the prices and to bring much of the currency from the savers to the deficit spending units. India is basically a poor country, the average income t... als being operated there and if they would now be asked to product fine quality medicines that are just having their own name and are according to the international standards, then it does require India to invest even more in bringing those structures and processes that could make the international standard products. The documentation work would also be their and the overall investment would be far more that companies would merely have a breakeven point within even 5 years. The decision taken by the Indian government might just be in relation to their modernization but it has got no real concerns as the majority in India is yet living below poverty line. The question which is related to the people around the world getting deprived to use the cheap drugs might not be as valid as the people living in India would be deprived to use the cheap drugs. The simple answer to that is due to the much poor outcome of any such strategy, the global companies manufacturing patented material would c riticize any such law and so the law enforcing governments would move against any such law. After all, human life has got more value than any of the law and the concerns are directly related to the saving of human life and not the cheaper drugs. Since in that case, the majority of people would not even be able to use the drugs, then they cannot expect to live longer and there when the problem arises causing human lives. Lets talk about the real world case in which the demand is never equal to supply. Always there would be greater deviations in the market and somehow both, supply and demand would get disturbed, of course it is unintentional but that is inevitable as a consequence of which we have to keep the constraints and solutions in mind. Imagine if the world is consuming what has been

Black Friday: Tornado In Canada :: essays research papers

Black Friday: Tornado in Canada "The roof was caving in and I thought I was going to die. It was like your worst nightmare!" said Mary Grandish. Most people think they will die when they see,or hear of a tornado heading their way. Although all the details of the formation of a tornado are not yet understood, it is known that tornados are the result of great instability in the atmosphere and often appear during severe thunderstorms (see appendix #1 for a scientific explaination on how it really starts). Strong updrafts present in severe thunderstorms result in a rotational momentum. Falling rain and/or snow probably drags air from aloft when it comes falling down. The combination of severe thunderstorms and sweltering heat are the breeding grounds for a tornados' formation. The first sign of a tornado is a strong dust whirlwind along with a funnel growing from the storm cloud. A more organized funnel descends farther from the cloud, sometimes even touching the ground. Funnel winds generally move counterclockwise and the funnel can move slowly or at about 100/ft per second. Eventually the tornado becomes fragmented and dissipates causing the end of the tornado. Tornados are the cause of great destruction and devistation in the area in which they occur. For example the Tri-State Tornado of 1925 occured in the Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas States. This tornado was one of the largest tornados recorded in history. It killed nearly 625 people. However, the tornado which strikes closest to home has occured on what Canadians have come to know as "BLACK FRIDAY". The tornado of "Black Friday" touched down on July 31st, 1987 at 2:59 pm. (See appendix #2 for the torndo path). (See appendix #'s 4&5 for maps locating the disaster sights). 27 people were killed; 25 people died during the tornado and 2 died later in the hospital. Hundreds of other people were injured and thousands were left homeless. Edmontonians faced a horrible natural phenomenon which destroyed homes, farms, and businesses. (See appendix #3 for a picture of what it looked like after the tornado struck up the street). More than 25 auto dealers faced a loss of more than $100,000 worth of cars, which were struck by hail measurihg at up to 10 inches in circumference. Not only were auto dealers' cars affected, but many other privately owned cars were damaged to varying degrees. The Kennedale storm sewer overloaded and outfall collapsed, which caused many people to call in complaining of flooded basements. Damage estimites were listed at between $150-$300 million dollars. $20 million dollars damage was done to Evergreen Mobile Home Trailer Park; $50-$70 million dollars

Retail food industry/fast food chain business

The business that I choose is retail food industry/fast food chain business. For example, McDonald's is my case study in this proposal. This fast food chain business began with Raymond Albert Kroc. Ray Kroc was the exclusive distributor of a milk shake maker called the Multi mixer. That time, Richard and Maurice two brothers were the owner of a brand and ran a burger restaurant in San Bernardino, California, in the 1950s. In 1955, Ray Kroc founded the brand’s Corporation and opened the first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. At 1980, the brand’s Corporation, USA gave GOLDEN ARCHES RESTAURANTS SDN BHD the license to operate the brand's restaurants in Malaysia. We in Malaysia got our first taste of the brand and Malaysia opened its first restaurant at Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur on 29 April 1982. To date, the brand’s at Malaysia has more than 200 restaurants located nationwide. Then this is the origin of the brand. My choice business name is McDonald's. It is a fast food industry. Until now, McDonald's Malaysia has more than 200 restaurants located nationwide. McDonald's operation hours are 24 hours, but some outlets inside the shopping centre are just 14 hours only because shopping centre operation hours are not 24 hours. McDonald’s strategic location is built the restaurant in the high traffic area. For example some McDonald’s outlets are built in the shopping centre, because these shopping centres are the most crowded places. Another strategic location is built on the high way because some people who want to buy burger then will go McDonald because McDonald’s have the drive-thru then can let customers feel more convenient and save time. After that I'm chosen the McDonald's place is at Bandar Tun Hussein Onn. Bandar Tun Hussein Onn is a township in 9th-Mile Cheras in Selangor, Malaysia. It was named after the third Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Hussein Onn. It is primarily a residential area and near by the secondary school. This location also has the drive-thru for some customers. McDonald's menus have included the Breakfast, Favorites, Happy Meal, Desserts, Beverages and McCafe. McDonald's products include the McChicken, Quarter Pounder, Big Mac, Cheeseburger, the Fruit and Yogurt Parfait, the Egg McMuffin and Spicy Chicken Mcwrap. At lunch time 12nn – 3p. m. & dinner time 6p. m. – 9p. m. , McDonald have the McValue Lunch & Dinner for discount some products price for let more customers can have the tasty burgers. Some time, McDonald will develop new different taste burger and toys. Like last time, McDonald were develops the McDonald breakfast & dinner box, GCB Burger and Hello Kitty Toys. After that, McDonald aside from free Wifi, can refresh the drink, a children's play area and the drive-thru, in some locations, McDonalds don't offer much in the way of services and other country McDonalds also have the different menus/products for their customers. McDonald also has a service called McDelivery, this service is transport food from McDonald’s restaurant to customer’s houses. These all the things are McDonald’s products/services. McDonald in the Tun Hussien Onn, customers demographic is younger persons occupying relatively high. After that, this also suitable for our Muslim consumer to purchase the product, because McDonald's products are without pork. This is because now, these young persons are like to go someplace where the wifi has and can eat the taste burger. These young persons are included like age 16-25, male, Chinese and Malay persons. For example, every Thursday I also have gathering with my friend at McDonald. This is because this location is near by the secondary school, after school 1p. m. some students who are going to McDonald then can get the McValue Lunch because can get the cheaper price. At dinner time, will more family go to McDonald for their dinner and the McValue Dinner. Some student and officer who are going McDonald not only the McValue, because McDonalds has the free wifi to let these customers who want to meeting or description. From McDonald, some customer will buy McDonald’s product/services because McDonald has the fast service and tasty burger. Sometimes, people who are going McDonald not only just in order to the tasty burger, also enjoy the comfortable environment, the refresh free drink and the free wifi services. After that, because McDonald has the McValue Lunch & Dinner, then can let customers use cheaper price and get the tasty burger sets. Next, McDonald also has the drive-thru and the delivery service then can let customers feel convenient. McDonald is not only the fast food business in Malaysia. For example, KFC and MarryBrown are also the fast food business companies then these 2 companies are McDonald’s competitors. First, KFC’s product also included burger, but KFC company main product not the burger, is the fried chicken. Then KFC and McDonald differences are the main product and McDonald can free refresh the drink. At others country, KFC also have the delivery. Second, MarryBrown also selling the same product – burger. But MarryBrown have other different products like Nasi MarryBrown, Nasi Ayam MB, Mi Kari Ayam Goreng, Chick-O-Rice and Chick Porridge. After that, Marrybrown and McDonald differences services are these, included the drive-thru and McDonald has the McDelivery for transport food to customer’s houses. This paragraph is about the McDonald and these 2 competitors differences. McDonald has competitive advantage. First, customers who are going to McDonald can buy the exciting toys and collectibles. But hurry, these toys are available for a limited time only. Second, when customers who are driving car and hungry, customers no need park their car. Then just can go to McDonald’s drive-thru for buy McDonald’s products. Third, if the customers who are have no car for go out have their food, McDonald has the McDelivery for transport food from McDonald’s restaurant to customer’s houses. If as this company – McDonald is my business, First, I will add the different products/ services because let customers can get more tasty products and specially services. Second, change the food price to cheaper because for those low-income customers. Third, is training McDonald's staffs for improve staff’s attitude. After that, my customers can enjoy the tasty food and have the best of services. Then I want to let anywhere also has McDonald’s restaurants. As my conclusion, McDonald's is one of the largest and famous fast food companies in the world. McDonald’s most of operation time is the 24 hours. McDonald always builds their restaurant in high traffic area. McDonald also has so many different products. In Malaysia, all Malaysians are also can go McDonald, because McDonald is non-pork then Muslim consumer can purchase those products. McDonald’s places have comfortable environment, the refresh free drink and the free wifi services. McDonald has a lot of competitors, but McDonald will do the best for their customers. After that, McDonald’s In Malaysia, McDonalds competitive advantages are better than others companies. Last, I hope McDonald’s products are healthier, not only the fried food. Thank you for reading, this is my conclusion.

Leadership, Management, And Management - 1330 Words

Leadership has an authority power above others that inspire and motivate creating cohesion between then, at the same time solvent problems inside the group making changes in the organisation. Management possesses a title that supports his decisions and works to achieve a goal that the organisation requires. The leadership is moved for inspiration and has more emotional input that managers, for example, when the team fails in any situation the leader give constructive feedback and suggestion to improve the performance, however, management has more cold or passive attitudes following a role towards goals having a less emotional relationship with others. The leaders do not always have a hierarchical position, they appear at all levels of the organisation. Management plans and investigates how to control situations while leaders create motivation around him and give support. Furthermore, managers wait until the problem appears to solvent it and leaders are proactive, sometimes challenging the status quo and the job description while managers follow it. Leaders was born for it; managers are formed for it (Appendix 1). Similarities Leadership and management work with people managing them to meet the goals and mission of the company, working under pressure and succeed in the role. They are charismatics and influence everyone around them increasing people skills set and talent. Both are getting others to follow them and they use the authority making decisions, theyShow MoreRelatedLeadership, Management And Management1081 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Management Businesses require some sort of hierarchy of power to be successful. They cannot operate on the basis that everyone has the same job level if they plan to make a profit. However, the individuals that are placed in the higher power positions fall into two categories, leaders and managers. 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Leadership : Management And Leadership1061 Words   |  5 PagesManagement vs. Leadership Introduction Presently many of us have learned that managers are primarily administrators who have learned to write business plans, utilize their resources and keep track of progress. We must learn that we are not limited by job title, and that means we can utilize our management skills in any position that we are in. We must also know that we can use our leadership skills in the same situations. On the other hand we have also learned that leaders are people who haveRead MoreManagement And Leadership : Leadership1023 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Leadership In Leadership, Leadership, Leadership Are We All Chanting the Wrong Mantra, the authors says, â€Å"Leadership is simply management of higher level things† (McCormack, 2009, p.1) and that the leader manages the vision, people’s perception and their own behavior (p.1). McCormack continues his analysis by saying, â€Å"There are times when leadership simply cannot take place† (p.2). McCormack appears to believe that organizations and universities should not teach, encourage or tolerate

Business Management P G - 1721 Words

On June 5th of 2013 PG announced that company is going through some change and made decision to group its Global Business Units (GBUs) into four industry-based sectors. Task of each of these sectors will be concentrated on share of common technologies, common consumer benefits, and face common competitors. These four industry-based sectors will be focusing on strengthening of already developed market business, maintenance of developing market momentum, production of a strong innovation pipeline, and drive of productivity improvements. Such changes, announced by PG are not rare for company and will not be that sensitive by employees or other stakeholders. PG’s main objective for years is to create the most successful brands in all categories of products that it produces. Over the past years company has undertaken considerable work and went through multiple changes to improve its business with focus on the following six corporate principles: customer focus, strategic choices, operational perfection and fiscal discipline, organizational structure, and the creation of brands which requires a lot of attention, monitoring, and constant changes. Example of big change: In June of 1999, PG began an ambitious program of business restructuring, which was supposed to end in 2005. However, because of good coordination of management and right course of action introduction of change was rapid with large part of change implementation in 2003. In addition, management was able to spendShow MoreRelatedThe Challenge Of Maintaining And Improving Brand Management For Procter Gamble1118 Words   |  5 Pageschallenge of maintaining and improving b rand management for Procter Gamble Introduction This consulting paper aims to focus on the challenges of Procter Gamble in the area of brand management. The topic of brand management is an important aspect of multi-national companies like Procter Gamble especially in the area of consumer goods. The tasks being encountered by consumer goods companies like Procter Gamble present the highly complicated business environment characterized by increased globalRead MoreProcter Gamble : The World s Largest Consumer Goods Company Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesabbreviated as PG, the Procter Gamble Co. has far outgrown its humble beginnings as small, family run soap and candle shop in Cincinnati, OH. Now, this public, multinational corporation brings in 8 billion dollars a year in sales (Procter Gamble 2015a). Background William Procter and James Gamble, immigrants from England and Ireland, founded Procter Gamble in 1837. At the time, Procter was a candle-maker, and Gamble was a soap-maker who became involved in the candle-making business. Their pathsRead MoreProcter and Gamble Case Study1120 Words   |  5 PagesCorporation in 1837 (corporate profile).   Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. These two entrepreneurs and inventors were immigrants from England and Ireland respectively; who have chosen for some reason to settle in the Cincinnati area. The company manufactures a wide variety of consumer goods including beauty, household, health and wellness products. 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A Brief Note On Criminal Justice And Services - 2693 Words

Onika Searchwell Victim Law and Services March 24, 2015 Summary Within the past couples of decades much scrutiny has been the topic of domestic violence. The role of police discretion has been emphasized by researchers and the effects that arrest have on recidivism rates. Arrest rates are high and prosecution rates are low due to the arrest policies that have been put into place. An uncooperative witness can result in low rates of prosecution due to a victim deciding not to go through with pressing charges against the offender. When it comes down to domestic violence cases they mainly rely on the victim’s testimony. Prosecutors are forced to dismiss charges against the offender if the victim does not cooperate. The sole purpose of†¦show more content†¦In order for prosecutors to have a better understanding of how multiple factors may influence the decision of the victim, this is done by multivariate analysis. There have been some suggestions that characteristics and the willingness of a witness to cooperate is a large factor. Phys ical, emotional, financial well-being and the past that they may have had with the justice system can affect a victim’s decision to cooperate. There are three major reasons for a victim not wanting to cooperate, 1) some victims find the justice system to be very confusing, 2) the court process is very tedious, and 3) fearfulness of the victim during the waiting time of a court date. . Due to all of these major issues within the system, there was finally a solution which was the creation of K-Court. Research Setting Winning convictions for victims of domestic violence was the reason K-Court was designed. K-Court began April 1, 1997 and has been tracked to March 31, 1998, within that time period there has been a total amount of 474 cases. Collected data that was victim, offender, and offense characteristics related would be investigated by K-Court and also police stations. When K-Court attempted to hold interviews with victims, only a small amount of 15% showed. Prosecutors have guidelines on how to conduct their prosecution, this is maintained by the Crown Policy Manual (CPM), which is provided by The Ministry of the

Sociology Marx, Weber Feminist Theory Free Essays

string(198) " to dominate western culture, Foucault offers criticisms of science and knowledge rooted in the distrust he maintained for the developments of science representing improved reference and authority\." 1. Classical Marxist theories have served as a springboard of inspiration for a variety of contemporary theorists challenging the existing state of society and seeking social justice and a fair society. Consequently, feminist standpoint theories, theories that represent a specific disposition, align with common themes found throughout Marxist interpretations of society, with an emphasis on the development of individual schemas dependent upon the relationship between the individual and their economic and material conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology: Marx, Weber Feminist Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the foundation of the separation of and disparities between classes is applicable in feminist standpoint theory, feminist theories contribute an entirely unorthodox dimension to the Eurocentric, masculinist dominated sociological discourse about oppression: gender. Marx’s theories of society developed around what he considered an unfair and unjust society in which two classes existed, determined by the coincidence of birth, which Marx coined the bourgeois, the owners of the means of production, and the proletariat, the wage earning laborers who become alienated from their work due to social constraints. Marx believed in historical materialism and class struggle, demonstrating that the private ownership of the means of production enabled the bourgeois to maintain power over the larger, powerless proletariats who provided the labor for the means of production. As a repercussion of this disparity of power Marx concluded social and moral problems were inherent to a capitalist system, which forced competition and created unnecessary antagonisms, essentially isolating the proletariat in their social position for generations. Feminist standpoint theories corroborate the essence of Marx’s disposition regarding the injustice found in society, as it is acknowledged that there is a clear disparity of power in society among stratified groups of people. Yet instead of focusing on the owner of the means of production versus the wage laborers or proletariats, feminist standpoint theories extend the argument to include the dimension of gender and emphasize the necessity of including feminist experiences. According to feminist standpoint theories, the concrete experience of females and males is historically different, as they are required by society to play very different roles. Feminist theories build on Marx’s standpoint of experience based on social class and include the systematic oppression in a society that devalues women’s knowledge and experiences. One feminist standpoint theorist in particular demonstrated the subtle differences between standpoint theories and Marx’s theories on society. Patricia Hill Collins’ matrix of domination theory agrees that there is a top-down power struggle in society that forces and controls unwilling victims, yet also notes that an individual has the ability to be the oppressor, a member of an oppressed group or both simultaneously, citing gender and class as variables of oppression. Collins continues to purport that it is the oppressed or subordinate individuals and groups in society who possess the most comprehensive social knowledge of power structures and their affects on these individuals and groups due to their social positions. Marx sought change in society and attempted to inspire a revolution amongst the proletariat, with an overthrow of the capitalist system. Collins seeks to understand the struggle with a more complex perspective, contributing the observation that people simultaneously experience and resist oppression, implying that there is more control in the hands of the oppressed than what was previously thought. Just as Marx challenged the capitalist system, feminist standpoint theory further challenges the existing male-biased conventional knowledge. In both theories there exists the implication that the experiences of individuals is shaped by their social position, and a hierarchy of power relations exists among those who have and those who have not, or the oppressor and the oppressed. However, although Marx’s theories on society and feminist standpoint theories share the emphasis on individual experience being shaped by social position, Marx focused on class from an economic standpoint while feminist theory added to the discussion of social injustice by incorporating a new dimension, gender. While Marx was more interested in social justice for the proletariat, feminist standpoint theory extended this social justice to include the day to day concrete experiences of females with respect to their different knowledge of the world, as well as various other subordinate groups whose perspectives are often left out of the discourse on society. In conclusion, the comprehensive discussion of class relations that has been ongoing for centuries has continued to evolve over time and space, xtending the concepts of social justice and a fair society to various subordinate groups. I support Marx’s theories of society serving as a significant platform for the descending schools of thought to build off of, with shared goals of social justice and a fair society. The differences can be attributed to the historical context of the development of these theories, with the discourse of sociology seen as an ongoing continuum. Sociological implications are inspirational, as it has been seen that within the discussion of social justice subordinate groups are gaining attention and credibility, and I believe it can be concluded that because of this criticism of the existent state of society, society has begun to improve. With the emersion of Marxist inspired feminist standpoint theory in the middle of the 20th century, women’s experiences have been acknowledged and improved because of their visibility in academic discourse. I support the Marxist call for an examination of subordination in the existent social structure, accompanied by feminist standpoint theories that extend to include all subordinate groups that struggle with societal constraints. 2. The structure of the critiques of science and knowledge provided by Foucault parallel the central concepts and arguments found in the feminist critiques of science and positivism, yet the focus of topics are differentiated along gender lines and the quest for the origins of truth, or the acceptance that truth itself is subjective. Both Foucault and feminist critiques share a common theme of mistrust of authoritative power, and the social injustice stemming from this authoritative power. As a post-positivist philosopher with an interest in power relations and the ability of power to dominate western culture, Foucault offers criticisms of science and knowledge rooted in the distrust he maintained for the developments of science representing improved reference and authority. You read "Sociology: Marx, Weber Feminist Theory" in category "Essay examples" Foucault emphasized the quest to discover the roots of truth values in the social context of science but rejected an account of science as ideological and argued that the discourse of scientific knowledge is constraining of what scientists themselves can see, but more significantly is productive and enabling for the production and solving of problems, the construction of data, and therefore the production of new knowledge to be interpreted widely s valid, or universal truth. For post-modernists, such as Foucault, science is nothing more than an allegation derived from subjective orientations, or a social construction. Feminist theorists corroborate this belief and interpret the power and injustice stemming from science with a different sociological perspective, a female standpoint. Feminist theorists believe mainstream science is a product of a patriarchy, and despite being portrayed as universal, value-free and neutral in its pursuit of truth or knowledge deemed valuable for all, it is actually organized in a way that systematically oppresses and harms women based on their gender. Feminists believe that the production of knowledge is a social activity, embedded in a certain culture and worldview, echoing the social construction of knowledge purported by Foucault. Feminist critics of science have noted that Western science, as it has developed since the Enlightenment, is determined by political, economic and social conditions, which are based on a patriarchal order. Feminists go on to note that women themselves were left out of the development of science, and as a consequence of being perceived as closer to nature than men with respect to their capacity for feelings and emotions, were ruled out as unfit for reasoning abilities. Foucault’s main concern throughout his lifetime of publications revolved around the relationship between power and knowledge, and how one affected the other. Citing Nietzsche’s considerations of a will to power motivating human behavior with the declining of traditional values losing power over society is built upon by Foucault’s further analysis of knowledge ceasing to be liberating and instead becoming a mode of surveillance, regulation, and discipline. Foucault also argued that power itself creates new objects of knowledge and accumulates new bodies of information. The feminist critiques on positivism shares common characteristics with Foucault’s critical theories of science and knowledge, as feminists tend to adopt an anti-positivist, anti-science position due largely to the male dominated social science research. Despite positivist views put forth by such classical theorists as Emile Durkheim, supporting the necessity of objectivity in research, feminist critiques argue for subjectivity. According to feminist critique, male social science researchers like Durkheim claimed objectivity by citing non-involvement in social problems, enabling them to distance themselves from their human subjects of research and omitting their research goals, as well as claimed scientific truth for their theories by imitating quantitative methods of the natural sciences. In an effort to parallel the natural sciences with sociology, furthering the notion that science is in fact objective, Durkheim conducted a study on suicide and measured it using the scientific method and quantifiable observations. The feminist criticism notes the results of paralleling the natural sciences with sociology were often blatantly untrue and biased against women, with science and social science being manipulated to harm women, for example by neglecting to appropriate equal value of their experiences with that of their male counterparts. Most significantly, feminist critique argues the pursuit of objectivity in science and the pursuit of truth are impossible, and by pretending that they are possible the scientific community is deceiving the public. In conclusion, feminist critiques of science and positivism are directly paralleled with the concepts found in Foucault’s critiques of science and knowledge. In both instances, I support the arguments that center on the need to understand the ambiguity and cultural context of the notion of universal truth and for scientific and social research to be sensitive to the dangers of objectivity regarding such truth. I believe the scientific approach is useful but misguided as subjectivity is inherent in the search for truth and knowledge. These critiques have significant sociological implications as the existing state of male-centered scientific research is being challenged in a way that will be productive for the various sub-groups within society, particularly along gender lines. 3. The concept of modernity generally refers to a post-feudal historical period that is characterized by the move away from feudalism and toward capitalism, accompanied by all of the ripple effects initiated by capitalism, such as the industrialization and secularization of society that is maintained and controlled through extensive surveillance. Modernity ocuses on the affects that the rise of capitalism has had on social relations, and notes Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber as influential theorists commenting on this phenomenon. For the purposes of this assignment, I will be focusing on the concepts and analyses of Marx and Weber. Karl Marx is perhaps the first in a series of late 19th and early 20th century theorists who initiated the call for an empirical approach to social science, theorizing about the rise of modernity accompanied by the simultaneous decline in traditional societies and advocating for a change in the means of production in order to enable social justice. Marx’s analysis of modernity reveals his conceptualization of modern society as being dictated by the rapid advancement of productive forces of modern industry, and the corresponding relationships of production between the capitalist and the wage laborers. In addition, Marx also examined the concept of class interest, which seeks to further the life of capitalism as those individuals or groups who have power work to retain this power at the despair of the subordinate, socially powerless individuals and groups. The rapid advancement of major innovations after the Enlightenment period known as modernity stood in stark contrast to the incremental development of even the most complex pre-modern societies, which saw productive forces developing at a much slower pace, over hundreds or thousands of years as compared to modern times, with swift growth and change. This alarming contrast fascinated Marx who traced the spawning of modern capitalism in the Communist Manifesto, citing this record speed as the heat which generated the creation of the global division of labor and a greater variety of productive forces than anytime before. Ultimately, Marx’s approach is best known as an effort to come to terms with the unprecedentedly rapid development of the new capitalist world and the consequential development and adaptation of social constraints. Marx concluded that modernity was a social construction of mankind, and as a creation of mankind, mankind could reverse it and with the public class-consciousness acknowledging this rule, revolution, followed by utopia, was inevitable. In contrast, Max Weber found that social life did not evolve according to his rule, and, unlike Marx, Weber did not anticipate a definitive end of modernity but instead viewed modernity and the outlook of mankind as an open query, with an answer impossible to predict. Weber’s disposition on modernity transformed modern society into a metaphorical iron cage. The iron cage represents society’s entanglement with the modern, mechanized transformation of society initially thought to be controllable, with the ability to detang le itself from the machines at any time, like a cloak that can be removed. Throughout history, however, Marx notes that this entanglement has become permanent and the individual has been locked in a cage by a modern society, with the implementation of more social control manifest in excessive bureaucracy. Karl Marx and Max Weber have made significant contributions to the field of sociology, and I support both theorists in their arguments. I believe that Marx was correct in regards to his conceptualization of the social structure being of man’s creation and therefore within the realm of change under the direction of man. However I believe that limitations exist in the idealistic nature of his utopian dream. Maintaining a utopian objective as the goal of social change exposes the inherently distorted analysis of sociological phenomenon, as there is neglect of examining social issues from a micro, day-to-day orientation essentially proving the existence of a Eurocentric male bias historically found within the study of sociology. I also agree with Weber’s connection between the Protestant work ethic and the consequent rise of capitalism as is found in his work The Protestant Work Ethic, which implicates religion as the engine that enabled the rapid development of capitalism. However I find limitations with the primacy placed on the influence of religion as the sole engine for capitalism†¦. Marx and Weber lived and worked in a distinctive scholarly moment in time, after theological persuasive power had declined and while sociological analysis maintained a fresh outlook on classical theories. During this moment in time Marx and Weber also experienced the rapid transformation of society dictated by modern forces, which would influence their focus and work. Marx and Weber, who’s work has been critiqued and contributed to by future theorists as society continues to rapidly transform into a fully mechanized, technologically dependent society, holds sociological implications in the theorists whose work has been influenced by their analysis of modernity. 4. The Marxist perspective on work and capitalism is paralleled in many ways with Max Weber’s perspective on these issues, with subtle differences stemming from the causation of capitalism. For Marx, the theory of historical materialism held that all human institutions, including religion, were based on economic foundations, with the implication that the economic foundations came first. In contrast, Weber’s The Protestant Ethic challenges this assertion and instead implicates a religious movement as responsible for fostering capitalism, yet doesn’t fully discount the theories of Marx. According to Marx, it is historical materialism that fuels the engine of society. Historical materialism examines the causes of developments and changes in human society in regards to the collective production of life necessities, with non-economic characteristics of society, such as religious ideologies, seen as a repercussion of its economic activity. The emphasis on material objects, or commodities, during the newly mechanized time period influenced the construction of a labor class that performed activities that were detached from their personal identities. As private ownership over the means of production reduces the role of the worker to that of a cog in a machine, as Marx astutely determined, the worker becomes an expendable object that performs routinzed tasks. For Marx, working simply for money, in essence seen as a means to an end, and neglecting the creative potential for labor itself was analogous to selling one’s soul. Weber, on the other hand, did not fully discount Marx’s theories but added to them and incidentally sparked a conversation that has become a historically significant and enduring sociological debate. Weber proposed that ideology fostered capitalism, in part resulting from the absence of assurances from religious authorities. Weber argued that Protestants began to look for other signs that they were saved, and, spurred on by Calvinist ideas of predestination, in which individuals identified their central duty to prove their salvation accompanied by the rejection of having too much wealth, capitalism prospered. Essentially self-confidence replaced the priestly assurance of God’s kindness, and a way for this self-confidence to anifest itself and be measured was with worldly success, and profit became a visible blessing from God that enabled followers to feel confidence that they were going to heaven. This enthusiasm toward achieving self-confidence through the production of profits encapsulates the Spirit of Capitalism, and it was within this spirit that capitalism flourished. Weber described a paradox regarding this Protestant work ethic. On the one hand, Protestants desperately sought the accumulation of worldly wealth in an attempt to give them self-confidence that God has chosen them and they will be granted salvation. However, on the other hand, Protestants were also deeply passionate about frivolous purchasing of luxuries being perceived as a sin, accompanied by complex limitations for extricating the money. In order to resolve this paradox the money was invested, giving life to the class distinctions along the lines of those who possess, and those who do not. Adam Smith paved the way for this phenomenon of investment and class divergence, citing the existence of those who work hard and those who do not, and that over time those who work hard and can be motivated will accumulate wealth. I applaud Weber’s theoretical surfacing of the irony of the Protestant work ethic, which views ideology as being composed of the need to be posthumously saved through their religion, and yet this motivational work ethic would inspire the distribution of excessive earnings to maintain their religious ideals, spawning and encouraging capitalism. Marxist perspectives are limited by the need for further examination of the causes and continuations of capitalism throughout the current state of society, particularly with respect to the rapid transformation and globalization of the economy. If further analysis reveals the causation of capitalism and the structure that continues to keep it running, then it may reveal implications that mankind can control the economic and social conditions of humanity. With the appropriate critiques of capitalism in a contemporary society there may be a potential for social justice. . Social action and interaction can be explained in a number of ways, and in the field of sociology exists two major theoretical orientations that aim to discover whether the hierarchy of influence between individuals and society is macro, with society influencing the individual, or micro, with the individual influencing society. Herbert Blumer’s interpretation of symbolic interactionism demonstrates the process o f interaction from a micro perspective, demonstrated in the formation of meanings for individuals. As John Dewey influenced Blumer, Blumer believed human beings are best understood in relation to their environment and used this concept as inspiration for the study of human group life and conduct. Blumer outlines his micro theory of symbolic interactionsim with three central principles. The first principle, meaning, states that humans act toward people and things, based upon the meanings they have given to those people or things, and meaning is a central influence on human behavior. The second principle regards language as a means by which to negotiate through symbols. According to Blumer, it is by engaging in acts of speech with other individuals that humans come to identify meaning, enabling the development of discourse. The third and final principle is thought, which is based on language, and is a mental representation of conversation or dialogue, requiring role taking and imagining different points of view. Essentially, Blumer supported the micro perspective of individuals influencing society because he believed the language and meaning of language explains social action. In contrast, Talcott Parsons’ macro approach to social action and interaction reveals a different conclusion. Parsons developed the theory of functionalism, which serves as a framework that views society as a complex system, whose parts work together in order to promote stability and solidarity. Parsons’ approach views society with a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, adopting a macro orientation to social action. Looking simultaneously at social structure and social functions, the theory of functionalism tackles society as a whole in terms of the functions that compose elements. These elements mostly include norms, traditions, customs and institutions. For example, it is like the human body; the individual parts work together for the functioning of the body as a whole. Functionalists such as Parsons support the notion that a social role is created due to the repetition of behaviors in interactions with the reinforcement of expectations. The role that is created is defined by Parsons as the regular, repetition of participation in concrete social interactions with specific role-partners. Eventually, Parsons’ concept of roles was formed into a collective definition that is functional as they assist society in servicing and satisfying its functional needs, enabling society to run smoothly. I support both Blumer’s micro level orientation as well as Parsons’ macro orientated theoretical arguments in that they acknowledge the capabilities of the individual and the adaptability of society, implicating a dialogue between the two entities. However I believe limitations exist in that both theorists place primacy of one orientation over the other, and as a result are neglecting a holistic approach. Research questions that have emerged from functionalist theories add new depth and dimension to the basic concept of functionalism. For instance, emergent theorists have inquired about functionalists’ tendency to see only the benefits of various institutional relationships brought to society, posing the question of whether or not institutions can be oppressive and exploitative. Further emergent research questions address whether or not social institutions create social constraints, and controversially ponder why anything should change if it is already functional to society. Ultimately this discourse inspires sociological thought to continue developing and evolving over time. 6. Traditionally, theorists and theories that generally support one of two orientations have dominated the discipline of sociology. The first orientation is regarded as a macro-perspective, with an analysis of society focused on the larger overall structure of society, placing an emphasis on social systems and institutions, or structure, and the ensuing tendency for the structure to dominate the individual. The second orientation can be described as a zoomed in image of society, with a focus on the every day individual and group interactions, with the implication that the individual is being dominated by the structure of society. It is through these two distinct lenses that sociologists have contributed to the larger discourse regarding social justice and equality, yet the disconnect manifests in the perceptive cohesion of these two orientations. Contemporary sociologists, such as Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration and the empowerment theory in feminist thought, have sparked a revolution in sociological thought with the unorthodox notion that the actor, or individual, and the agency, the structure, are in fact of equal primacy, and represent a duality rather than a hierarchy. In addition to bringing this connection to the surface of sociological discourse, many contemporary theorists’ theories are challenging the limitations of solely using one orientation in the effort to balance humanity’s understanding that individual’s posses the will to maintain social relations based on the comprehension of power, social reproduction, and institutional constraints. Giddens developed the theory of structuration, and, like many other contemporary theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, the theory supports the integration of macro and micro orientations. The structuration theory centers on the consensual duality of structure and agency, where the agent and the structure intersect, arguing that they are a dichotomy where one wouldn’t exist without the other. Giddens argues that the individual, or agency, is essentially responsible for their surroundings as they are reflexive and possess the ability to adapt to the ever-changing social structures and institutions, which also adapt to the individuals’ behavior, creating an ongoing dialogue between the two entities. The argument for a rejection of primacy between the agency and structure includes the objective of literal social change that can result from social scientific knowledge of society. Giddens continues to argue that it is the individuals’ motives that dictate the larger plan of action and the routinized practices determine what the action will manifest as. According to this logic Giddens proposes that individuals therefore have the ability to change their actions, which produce unintended and inevitable consequences, influencing future actions. Giddens critiques sociologists for placing too much emphasis on the constraints of social structure when he believes it is only through this activity of the individual agent that structure, or rules and resources, can exist at all. In fact, Giddens purports that a social structure or system is composed of a set of produced and reproduced relations between agents. It is this belief in the duality of agency and structure, as well as the desire to alter the discourse to ncorporate an integrated orientation rather than independent orientations, that Giddens has significantly contributed to the discussion and debate of macro and micro orientations, citing the inability for one to exist without the other. Despite criticism of structuration as inadequate, Giddens’ work continues to influence and inspire contemporary social thought. Feminist thought and the empowerment theory takes an additional step back from sociological discourse to evaluate the misconception of objectivity found in Eurocentric, male dominated standpoints and argue for the need to take a subjective perspective in order to achieve any social change. Additionally, feminist thought advocates for the integration of orientations to examine the individual’s experience as equivalent, or dualistic, with the social structure in which the individual plays an active role in shaping. It is also deemed necessary that the interrelationships between the individual, groups and society are examined from a subjective, integrated orientation in order to make the leap from social theory to social practice. According to feminist thought, by making the previously personal world of the individual political the barrier between the individual and society is broken down and lays the foundation for individuals to influence and experience social change. The empowerment theory suggests that production and maintenance of society is dependent upon the individuals who are socially considered undesirable, casting these occupations as invisible in society and, accompanied by a societal ideology that lacks public appreciation for these occupations, the undesirable individuals also believe their work is invisible, revealing the distortion of societal components. It is within feminist thought that the empowerment theory extends not only to women, but any subordinate, oppressed group or individual within the larger society. This emerging connection between the personal and political identity parallels Giddens’ support of integrating the macro and micro orientations in order to achieve any significant social change, and I support both approaches. I believe that with the integration of the orientations true social change can be achieved, and that further examination of the intersection between agency and structure can enhance the limitations of past sociological thought. By creating and maintaining a boundary between these two worlds and rejecting the notion of a duality, a cognitive dissonance will continue to remain in the lives of oppressed and arginalized individuals without any hope for societal change. Contemporary sociologists must continue to transcend this boundary, accepting the inherent subjectivity found in any social science and focusing on fostering a productive sociological discourse with the goal of social justice. As Marx a stoutly stated in the mid-19th century, philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point, however, is to change it. 7. As the grand theory is considered the most abstract level of sociological theory, the initial intentions of such a theory are discussed in an abstract, idealistic way. Grand Theory, a term created by American sociologist C. Wright Mills, refers to the preference for formal organization and the arrangement of concepts over understanding the social world. The concept of an overarching, grand sociological theory can be applicable in an idealistic setting, where each diverse aspect of society is equitably dealt with and examined to formulate widely accepted conclusions about the world. However, the emphasis tends to focus on concepts that are generally disconnected from the concrete, every day realities of societal life. I believe that an adapted version of a grand theory in sociology is necessary to the extent that it has the ability to provide a structured framework in an otherwise incredibly complex social world. However, I also believe the grand theory should not be accepted as universal but instead should be considered a continuous work in progress that is added to over time as traditionally invisible issues continue to surface, creating multiple new dimensions of potential thought. Throughout sociological history the theoretical supporters and critics of a grand theory have been numerous. Karl Marx’s Historical Materialism, Anthony Giddens’ The Juggernaut of Modernity, and Talcott Parsons’ Actions Theory each offer various uses and perspectives of grand theory concepts. The evolution of the concept of a grand theory can be seen throughout these noteworthy theorists’ work. For example, Marx’s work with the grand theory of historical materialism put forth a streamlined argument that stated economic relations were the foundation of social structure, regardless of any other variable. Embedded in this theory is the idea of an overarching, universal definition of social structure contingent solely upon economic and material relations. This revolutionary idea may have been appropriate in the historical context of the theory, yet weaknesses in the universal concept of a grand theory appear in the absence of any other variable which undoubtedly impacted the social structure of Marx’s time. Anthony Giddens uses the concept of a grand theory to examine modernity, differentiating from the streamlined definition of society as purported by Marx by including a complex assortment of variables, which contribute to modernity. Giddens relates modernity to an overpowering force that transcends everything in its path with the implication that it is uncontrollable. Giddens also suggests that the overpowering force of modernity is dynamic, with the consequences of actions unforeseeable and uncontrollable, yet it manages to adjust based on reflexive actions, creating new societal problems in the process. Overall, Giddens’ interpretation of grand theory offers a more complex framework for analyzing society in modernity, yet it is left open ended as Giddens anticipates the creation of a new slew of issues that will plague society based on the adjustments made from previous issues. Talcott Parsons is credited with the continuing the quest toward the theoretical evolutionary development of structural functionalism and established what can be defined as a grand theory of action systems, despite the fact that Parsons himself declined to identify it as a grand theory. Parsons contributes to the discussion of grand theories in that he expanded the theory to consist of influence from various disciplines aside from sociology, including psychological, economical, political and religious components. Parsons also connected the concepts of motives as part of our actions, and determined that social science must take ends, purposes and ideals into consideration when creating a grand theory. Parsons attempted to integrate all of the social sciences within an overarching, grand theoretical framework that aimed to include aspects of both macro and micro orientations. Tracing the evolution of the concept of a grand theory reveals the irony rooted in the quest for such a grand theory, which is that despite attempts to create universal truths regarding society independent of time and space, such independence is not possible. Marx, Giddens and Parsons each lived in their own, slightly different time periods and as a result one can observe the variations in their concepts of grand theories. I believe that the evolution of a grand theory is a continuous one with no particular end, because as Giddens suggested, the flexibility of society to adapt to societal issues in turn creates new societal issues, suggesting the permanence of such an analytical cycle. 8. Among Emile Durkheim’s plethora of contributions to sociological theory emerges an unorthodox, evolutionary approach, which considered society to be like an organism, distinguishing two central characteristics as structure and function. Durkheim’s contributions also include helping establish and define the field of sociology as an academic order. Durkheim expanded the limitations of the study of sociology when he argued that sociologists should study particular features of collective, or group, life. He suggested that society exists independently of the individuals in it, as societies influence individuals through established norms, sentiments, and social facts. Durkheim contributed the inquiry of study regarding modern society and its ability to remain cohesive despite the individualism and self-sufficiency of each person, as well as the study of social facts representing features of the group that cannot be examined independently of either the collective or the individual. Emile Durkheim’s writings are recognized for forming the foundation of functionalist thought, which remains among the oldest and most dominant theoretical perspectives in the study of sociology. The foundations of functionalism center on two categories: the individual organism and society being seen as analogous, and the examination of the objective social world with the application of the scientific method. Durkheim was one of the first sociologists to make use of scientific and statistical data to conduct sociological research, such as with his famous work Suicide, using real data to examine the phenomenon of suicide among religious groups. By incorporating the scientific method as a central method of research, Durkheim implicitly contributed the assertion that the social world can be studied in the same ways as the physical world. Regarding Durkheim’s relation to structuralism, he was concerned with the question of how particular societies are able to maintain stability internally and are capable of survival over time. Durkheim discussed structuralism in two variations, with the first referring to the pre-industrial societies that were structured on equivalent parts connected by shared values, and the second referring to more complex post-industrial societies that are connected through specialization and strong interdependence. The essence of Durkheim’s relation to structuralism and functionalism is the concept of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts, with society being greater than the individuals. Talcott Parsons offers a contemporary perspective on the concepts of structuralism and builds on Durkheim’s interpretation by discussing structuralism as a framework to examine society as a complex system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability. The focus on Parsons’ work is on the social structures that shape society as a whole, determining that each individual has a set of expectations based on other’s actions and reactions to that individual’s own behavior. Parsons also contributes the idea of the role, established through the repetition of behaviors and interactions dictated by social structure and that become recognized as normal. This concept of roles evolved into the groups of roles that harmonize each other and ultimately fulfill functions for society, in the sense that they assist society in operating and running smoothly. In conclusion, the concepts put forth by the theories of functionalism and structuralism has had a significant impact on the study of sociology. Durkheim utilized the scientific method, and for this leap to a parallel with the natural sciences and hence more validity I am in support. However, Durkheim’s scientific method was perceived from an inherently Eurocentric male standpoint, and consequently produced misleading results. Emile Durkheim is ascribed with forming the foundation of thought in the functionalist orientation, and continued to attempt revolutions in sociological thought throughout his life’s work. Talcott Parsons is one of many contemporary theorists who have built upon Durkheim’s original theory y contributing contemporary rationalizations and have enhanced the sociological discussion regarding the macro evaluation of a modern functioning society. I support Parsons’ concept of social roles that are dictated on social expectations and are controlled by social structure, yet I find limitations in the neglect of an analysis of the social roles for subordinate individuals and groups, an d without this analysis social justice will remain an idealistic theory. 9. The theoretical contributions and approaches of sociological theorists such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins are significant in the conversation of sociological history as they take the unorthodox approach of delving into the perception of historically invisible issues regarding race and gender. For instance, Du Bois approaches the subject of race that centers on describing and explaining the actual, instead of theoretical, daily life conditions of African Americans, such as the threat of racially motivated violence like lynching, and the psychological damage of being separate but equal under Jim Crow laws. This brought a clearness of vision of specific phenomenon to the sociological conversation, with a focus on race, and an extension to any colored group that has experienced Eurocentric imperialism. In regards to racism, Du Bois granted the primary responsibility of the social construction of racism on capitalism, and Du Bois was sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his work. Du Bois utilized deductive analysis, accompanied by empirical observation, to examine the experience of African Americans throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Du Bois was primarily focused on variables that had been ignored by his sociological predecessors with particular attention paid to the intersection of race and class. He was interested in how the intersection of these variables contributes to broader cultural patterns dictating the stratification of individuals along lines of race and class and the shaping of individuals’ perceptions and experiences. Du Bois offers his conceptualization of race in comparing the variety of races around the world, with the U. S. housing two of the most extreme examples of race on the planet. As a result, the concept of the double consciousness exists, as African Americans may ask themselves on daily occasions what identity is truly theirs. For instance, one might ask, am I American or am I black? Can I be both? Does being black give me more of an obligation to assert my nationality than European immigrants would? Further, the double consciousness is the sense of â€Å"otherness† that prevents this uniform sense of self in accordance with the American image and produces a sense of two-ness, both American and black. In addition, Du Bois’ concept of the veil represents the distance that is felt socially between people of separate races, most significantly keeping the less dominant group, blacks, out of the dominant group’s, white, world. Patricia Hill Collins continues to build on the concepts highlighted by Du Bois’ work, and instead of extending his conversation about race and class Collins adopts an unconventional method of examining the intersection of race and gender. Collins emphasizes the specific experiences of black women as intersecting categories of oppression, with the goal of extending the discourse into other oppressed individuals and social groups. Collins’ theorizes that black women stand at the focal point where two historically powerful systems of oppression meet: gender and race, focusing on black women as outsiders within the larger, white male dominated society. According to Collins, by acknowledging this intersection of oppression, the possibility to see into other social injustices. Collins identifies three aspects of every day life in which black women are affected by and manage their race and definitions of identity in the greater American culture. These three aspects are known as safe spaces where black women are able to articulate their thoughts and feelings without the social pressure of mainstream society, which creates the double consciousness experienced by racial divide. The creation of the safe space is essential for the survival of oppressed groups, as they provide a unique place away from the ruling ideologies. For instance, one safe space for black women is in their relationships with each other. By empowering themselves in their own relationships, black women are able to help each other learn the knowledge to survive. Other safe spaces include black women’s blues traditions, followed by black female literature and poetry. Through these art forms, black women are able to approach the concepts of social injustice in a non-threatening manner. Collins also adds that groups must identify themselves, instead of letting other identify them. In conclusion, W. E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins have made significant contributions to the sociological discussion of social injustice by forcing the issues of racial, class, and gender inequalities to the surface of social discourse. I find the work of Collins to be an extension of what Du Bois began, and I support the shared goal for both theorists in their quest for social justice for all subordinate groups. In fact, I believe that the combination of work from Du Bois and Collins epitomizes the essence of micro sociology, as they are able to articulate the invisible yet powerful social constraints that subordinate individuals and groups experience, and represents a transcendence of sociological thought above Eurocentric male standpoints. Their work has left deep impressions on current and future sociological theorists and essentially opened the door for the study of other socially oppressed groups. How to cite Sociology: Marx, Weber Feminist Theory, Essay examples